In their official report, the Newfoundland delegates wrote that "the welfare of the colony will be promoted by entering the Union When the resolutions were published in St. John's, a vigorous debate began. Very quickly, two groups showed hostility to the idea of confederation - the Roman Catholic population of Irish descent, and many of the merchants.
The Roman Catholic community, composed mostly of people of Irish descent, was suspicious of confederation. They argued that Ireland's problems derived almost exclusively from its union with England.
Why should the same mistake be repeated? In Newfoundland, people of Irish descent had gained home rule, state-funded separate schools and a fair share of government patronage. Why put all this at risk by uniting with Upper Canada, seen as a hotbed of militant anti-Catholicism? Union had meant ruin for the homeland: it could do the same for Newfoundland.
As for the merchants, they could see no economic or financial advantage to the proposed federation. Follow us on Twitter: globedebate Opens in a new window. Report an error. Editorial code of conduct. Skip to main content.
Philip Jackman. Moderating ocean influences are most evident along the west and south coasts, which are washed by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Gulf Stream, but are less apparent along the northeast coastline, which is influenced by the Labrador Current and the NAO. Interior sites have warmer summers and cooler winters than do adjacent coastal regions. This ecozone is mostly forested, with black and white spruce, balsam fir, larch tamarack , white birch and aspen poplar being the dominant species.
Lichens and shrubs grow in areas of exposed bedrock. Although forestry is important in some parts of this ecozone, fisheries and mineral exploration are the main components of the resource-based economy. The Taiga Shield ecozone encompasses most of Labrador Figure 3e , f. It is marked by rolling topography, with generally less than m of elevation difference between the deepest valleys and the adjacent summits in western Labrador.
In contrast, the Mealy Mountains have rugged terrain. Elevations of the summits reach m, and areas of permafrost occur locally. A northern boreal climate characterizes the Taiga Shield ecozone. The prevailing westerly winds bring dry air from northern Quebec, producing cold dry winters with calm days and minimal humidity in interior locations. Summers are short and cool with long days. Coastal locations are influenced by the Labrador Current, and have cooler summer conditions.
Annual precipitation ranges from mm in western regions to more than mm in areas along the coast Environment Canada, a. Vegetation varies from forests of black and white spruce and balsam fir to shrublands and meadows.
Fens and bogs have alder, willow and larch tamarack in addition to the conifer species. Riverbanks and upland sites support white spruce, trembling aspen, balsam poplar and white birch. Mineral resources and hydroelectric power generation are the main economic activities. The southernmost portion of the Arctic Cordillera ecozone contains the Torngat Mountains of northern Labrador Figure 3g , h. The tundra climate in the Torngat Mountains is cold and humid with short, cool, moist summers and long, cold winters.
Coastal ice may persist into July. Mean annual precipitation ranges from to mm, with higher values in central areas of high elevation. The mean winter temperature is — Sheltered, south-facing valley slopes support patches of arctic mixed evergreen and deciduous shrubs, while other areas are sparsely covered with moss, lichen and sedges.
You will not receive a reply. For enquiries, contact us. Sweetgrass Hierochloa odorata. Report a problem on this page. Please select all that apply: A link, button or video is not working. It has a spelling mistake. Information is missing. Information is outdated or wrong. I can't find what I'm looking for. Other issue not in this list. Although PEI came to lead the potato market in Canada, capturing as much as one-quarter of annual production, this is a high volume and low value crop, exactly the opposite of the fur industry.
Reflecting the limited opportunities available in the province, the Islander population failed to grow at a rate comparable to the rest of the country; in fact, it fell from a high point of , in to a low of 88, in , and recovered slowly through to the late s. Two sectors showed some improvement in the s, and have come to define much of the shape of the PEI economy. The first is the lobster fishery. Canned lobster was sold in a variety of markets into the interwar era until the shipment of live lobster to major American urban markets elevated it to the status of a luxury food.
The economic downturn of the s impacted the lobster fisheries, but the industry recovered in the s with the availability of more regular air and sea shipment, and advances in refrigeration. Starting in the s, the value of lobster output doubled every 10 years; from to it doubled every five years. The other sector to experience revolutionary change in PEI was tourism.
Adopted as part of the school curriculum in , the book spawned a globe-straddling tourist industry. An improved car-ferry infrastructure was a further and related advantage in the tourism sector so much so that three new vessels, running from to , were named the Lucy Maud Montgomery , the Holiday Island , and Vacationland.
At the end of the Cold War, the Canadian Air Force abandoned bases on the Island and these facilities were subsequently exploited by a growing aerospace industry which now claims to have captured a quarter of the value of all exports from PEI.
Given the low baseline for exports and the prominence of spuds in that equation, this may not yet constitute a full-blown economic transformation. The Atlantic region as a whole suffered through turmoil and loss in the fisheries.
Although Canada in the s and s finally began to define and patrol its national boundaries at sea — some km from shore — the cod fisheries was already in trouble. Over-harvesting had been underway since the s, and it was believed that a larger Canadian zone would enable conservationist measures to take hold.
Instead, foreign competition was replaced by Canadian over-fishing; Canadians were now using larger and more lethally efficient trawlers. A brief collapse in cod numbers in the mids was followed by a sharp recovery, leading some authorities and fisheries into overestimating the ability of cod to rebuild its numbers.
In the cod population utterly collapsed. The fishery was closed for what was intended to be two seasons to allow for a recovery, but that turnaround did not occur — and still has not occurred to date. The impact on the Newfoundland economy in particular was disastrous. In excess of 35, people worked in the fisheries and processing; it was the largest sector in the economy, and the source of much local culture and identity. The population peaked in at ,, and by , more than 80, had moved away, many of them heading to the oil patch of northern Alberta.
The cod fisheries crisis and the shift to the crab and shrimp fisheries continues to affect the Atlantic region. Although the federal government made repeated commitments in the post-WWII era to the idea of regional development, equalization payments, and diversification, its track record has not been very good. An acknowledgement was made in the s that the three Maritime provinces had suffered from discriminatory freight rates and the westward focus of the National Policy.
Ottawa began to act on the need to compensate for the disadvantages the region had suffered, and under Diefenbaker who was, significantly, a Westerner with influential support in the Maritimes , steps were taken to strategically change the situation. Even after the political centre of gravity shifted back to central Canada under Pierre Trudeau, the Liberal ideal of mitigating what were called regional disparities enjoyed support.
By the s, however, Quebec separatism and increasing signs of trouble in the manufacturing heartland of Ontario changed the rhetoric and reality of regional economic development. Ottawa concluded — prematurely — that the West and the East were rising on a tide of oil revenues and that the federal focus needed to be on Ontario and Quebec. An economic order in which government is the principal buyer of goods produced, for itself or for distribution. See demand-led economy. An economic order in which the free market dominates and in which industries and consumers are the principal buyers of goods, thereby determining what goods will be produced.
See command-led economy. An interwar-era political common front in New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia that argued for greater federal support for the regional economy. Refers to programs and policies geared to redistribution of wealth between provinces to ensure a comparable level of services and quality of life in all parts of Canada. Skip to content Chapter 8.
The Economy since
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