As well as providing the raw data tables, click here for tools to help you use LOAC: a comparison tool allowing you to understand similarities and differences at Ward and Borough levels interactive charts showing which Census demograhics are particulary high or low a mapping tool to easily see which areas are covered by the groups The London Area Classification builds on the UK Area Classifications , but provides a finer level of classification for London.
Preview Download. Output Area. Output Area Ward. Local Authority. Greater London Output Area. Data and charts from CIS In most cases, this is because they do not have any residential buildings — for example, industrial estates, airports, theme parks, etc.
The names and codes of these areas have been included in documentation that accompanies the files. Households in England and Wales received their census questionnaire through the post and returned them by post or online. Only communal establishments, for example, care homes, and special groups such as travellers had their census questionnaires hand-delivered.
Individuals within communal establishments also had the option of completing their questionnaire online following the same process as that used by households. EDs were used for data collection for the Census. England and Wales had , EDs, the majority of which were different from their equivalents, with an average size close to households people. Scotland had 6, EDs with an average size of households people. Northern Ireland had 2, EDs with an average size of households people.
In addition, there were special enumeration districts SED for communal establishments with the capacity to house over people. SEDs included prisons, hospitals, nursing homes, halls of residence, large hotels and military bases. EDs sometimes straddled administrative boundaries and were deemed unsuitable for data output and were used for data collection only.
Their size and shape was primarily determined by the requirements of data collection, but they fitted the administrative boundaries current at the time. Output areas OA were created for Census data, specifically for the output of census estimates.
The OA is the lowest geographical level at which census estimates are provided. They were designed to have similar population sizes and be as socially homogenous as possible based on tenure of household and dwelling type homogeneity was not used as a factor in Scotland.
They had approximately regular shapes and tended to be constrained by obvious boundaries such as major roads. In England and Wales, Census OAs were based on postcodes as at Census Day and fit within the boundaries of statistical wards and parishes. The minimum OA size was 40 resident households and resident people, but the recommended size was rather larger at households. These size thresholds meant that unusually small wards and parishes were incorporated into larger OAs. OAs for Northern Ireland had the same minimum size, as for England and Wales, but were based on postcodes as at January The OAs fit within the electoral ward boundaries.
In Scotland, OAs were based on postcodes as at December and related to wards. However, the OAs did not necessarily fit inside ward boundaries where confidentiality issues made it more appropriate to straddle boundaries. The minimum OA size was 20 resident households and 50 resident people, but the target size was 50 households.
Maintaining stability as far as possible was key for the Census. The total number of OAs is , for England and 10, for Wales. This means that 2. Significant points of interest for the Census are that OAs and SOAs align to local authority district LAD boundaries, including those that changed between and , and also at the border between Scotland and England.
The average population in an OA has increased from in to in Boundaries are available clipped to the coastline, for mapping, as well as to extent of the realm, for geographic information systems and analysis.
All OAs and SOAs have unique nine-character codes, in line with all statistical geographies we provide. There are approx. A number of geography reference data products for electronic download, alongside the relevant stage of Census statistics release, are available.
These include:. If OAs breached a specified upper population threshold their populations became too large , they were split into two or more OAs using postcodes as building blocks. There may be exceptions where an area that was above the population threshold could not be split.
Where splits occur, building blocks of postcodes were used to create two or more new OAs constrained to the boundary of the original OAs from which they were created.
The use of building blocks postcodes is consistent with the methodology applied in , and enabled production of postcode to OA lookups. Where OAs or SOAs breached a specified lower population threshold their population became too small and is therefore potentially disclosive , they were merged with an adjacent OA or SOA. Using splits and merges of the existing OA and SOA hierarchy, rather than a total redesign, allows better linkage and comparison between statistical outputs for the Census and Census.
In , a National Statistics policy was introduced to minimise the statistical impact of frequent electoral ward boundary changes, particularly in England.
Under this policy any changes to English or Welsh electoral ward boundaries promulgated laid down in statute by the end of a calendar year, were implemented for statistical purposes on 1 April of the following year, irrespective of the year the actual change came into operation.
In general they reflected actual electoral wards as at May , but for 28 local authority districts LAD they also included boundary changes that were not operational until June Therefore, for any given year statistical wards in some LADs were different to the statutory electoral wards because of the varying time lags between the promulgation and operation dates of boundary changes.
Please see the 'Further Information' section below for a list of those LADs subject to boundary change in May , as promulgated by December They are derived from analysis of the information provided in census returns. The Census aggregate data are based on analysis of a full sample of all returned forms, with adjustment in the outputs for people and households who may have been missed out and not been recorded on a form, or alternatively, may have been counted more than once by being recorded on more than one form.
The information that can be obtained from the aggregate data is presented as a series of over pre-defined univariate and multivariate tabulations. An illustration of what this means is given in the example below. Zoneworld is an imaginary set of four zones inhabited by a population of 50 individuals whose basic age and gender characteristics are illustrated below:. The information that it is possible to obtain from the census about the age and sex of the residents in the different zones can be represented in the following cross-tabulation of simple classifications of age and gender.
Thus, we see from the cross-tabulation below that in Zone A there are 3 male individuals aged over 16 and 3 females aged over 16, for example:. Aggregate data are available for the full range of geographies employed within the census, from the smallest output areas with an average of persons in England and Wales to the nation as a whole.
Census aggregate data provide the most complete source of information about the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the UK population that is available. They provide a wide range of comparable information at a range of geographical levels across the entire UK and so can be used to describe and compare population characteristics in different locations across the UK. The primary purpose of censuses in the UK is to provide central and local government with the information required for them to target resources and services effectively to meet the anticipated needs of the population.
Census aggregate data are also widely used across the academic sector for research and teaching and across the private sector for marketing and site location. Census aggregate data can be used by themselves but are also often combined with information from other sources to provide background or context. They have also been used to create derived measures, such as deprivation scores or area classifications. The UK Data Service provides web-based interfaces that enable users to access and extract data from the aggregate statistics outputs from the , , , and Censuses, together with a range of associated datasets and services.
InFuse contains and Census aggregate data. InFuse is an intuitive interface that allows you to select data by topics rather than by table. DKAN contains data from and Census Data as bulk csv files, which contain all the variables for a particular census table of a combination of topics.
We are in the process of exporting bulk versions of our data and will be adding , and data soon. Casweb is our older interface, which contains , , and Census aggregate data as well as and Census boundary data. We are no longer updating Casweb and are concentrating our resource into developing InFuse.
Census area statistics provide counts of people or households for geographical areas broken down by socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender or employment.
Digitised boundary datasets sometimes referred to as DBDs or boundary data are a digitised representation of the underlying geography of the census. The geography of the census consists of a hierarchical subdivision of UK local government areas of various types down to sub-authority areas, such as wards, to lower levels created specifically for census purposes such as enumeration districts in , and or output areas in and For example, the geography of the Census for England consisted of a 4-level hierarchy: enumeration districts EDs at the lowest level nest within wards, districts and counties.
The digitised co-ordinates points, lines, areas which make up these census geographies are available as digitised boundary datasets. These form the areal representation buckets against which various census statistics e. Census area statistics contain a pointer generally a code such as E which represents the code for the London Borough of Lambeth , to the geographical census areas to which they relate. By linking census area statistics with the corresponding digitised boundary datasets for a specific census year, the census attributes can be visualised as a map.
Mapping census datasets in this way allows for an exploration of the characteristics of census datasets geographically and may provide additional demographic, socio-economic and cultural insights into the census data.
As an example, it is possible to explore the patterns of housing tenure recorded in the census — such as the proportion of people who live in local authority housing. Figure 3: Choropleth map showing proportion of people working more than 49 hours per week by South East England Local Authority as recorded by the Census.
Using the census statistics and boundaries in a Geographical Information System GIS allows for spatial analysis of the census data and its combination with other non-census geographically referenced datasets.
The geography of the decennial census is not fixed. For the same physical local area, the output geography used in the , , , or Censuses may be quite different. Figure 4b: Census Output Areas for the same location in Leeds city centre. Some Census Output areas have been split for to ensure Output Area population thresholds are retained given new urban housing developments between and Significantly, different research questions may require mapping of the same census statistic at different scales and in different locations.
The same census statistic can be analysed at different geographic scales. We provide support for and access to a variety of facilities and tools by which users can use the full collection of digitised boundary datasets and supporting datasets, including geographic look-up tables.
These datasets are available either pre-packaged or through dynamic user-driven interfaces permitting user-defined custom selection of boundaries and look up tables. Quick access to the most regularly requested boundaries as ready-to-use national datasets is also provided. Functionally more complex data extraction facilities allows users to select boundaries for any specific area required, for the census year required, and in a range of different data output formats.
This flexibility allows users to download census output areas for several counties or for a specific ward or district. During the boundary selection process, the chosen boundaries can be previewed over a topographic back-drop map before finally being extracted in one of several data formats for use with different GIS and mapping packages.
Easy Download : This facility lets users quickly download the most regularly requested census boundaries available in popular formats. Boundary Data Selector : This facility lets users select the boundaries they want, for the areas they want, in the format they want. GeoConvert : This facility lets users obtain and manipulate complex geographical and postcode data in a straightforward way. Postcode Data Selector : This facility allows users to download the set of postcodes that you want from postcode directories released between and the present day.
Postcode Directory Download : This facility allows users to download complete versions of current and historical postcode directories sometimes referred to as look-up tables.
Casweb : This facility contains boundary data bundled with census aggregate data for the and Censuses. Many boundary types are available for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland and data only including:. Important supporting datasets include geographic look-up tables.
These include versions of the ONS Postcode Directory ONSPD from the Office of National Statistics which provides details of the locations of current and historic postcodes along with details of other geographic areas in which the postcode is located.
Such datasets provide a valuable means by which events or occurrences such as disease, crimes, customer residence etc. View our video tutorial on how to download boundary data offering a range of digitised boundary data including boundaries designed for use with census data in several GIS geographic information system formats.
ONS Census Geography web pages. Geo-Refer Geographical referencing learning resources. Rees P. Stillwell, J. Longley P. Flow data sometimes called interaction or mobility data involve flows of individuals in the UK between origins and destinations. These flows are either the residential migrations of individuals from one place of usual residence to another or of commuters making journeys from home to workplace.
These flow data are currently available at a range of different spatial scales for the , , , and Censuses. As flow data feature both a start and end point, this means that tables are often much larger and more complex than for other census data. For example, a cross-tabulation that showed the counts of migration flows from all of the Census Area Statistics CAS wards in England and Wales in to all others, would create an origin-destination table with 78,, cells.
A similar table for Output Areas would have 30,,, cells, the vast majority of which would contain zeros! Flow data are of unique significance as they tell us not only where individuals are moving and commuting from and to, but also some of the characteristics of these people.
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